This paper addresses a corpus of unpublished sources in a first attempt to reconstruct the exile networks of Brazilian geographer Milton Santos, placing his geographical and political work in the context of present-day debates on development, anti-development and critical development. While, in the last decades, the imperial past of geography has been one of the main targets of radical critics within the discipline, now works by early unorthodox and critical authors, including anarchist and anti-colonialist ones, increasingly attract scholarly attention. This definition includes the notions of 'genealogy', 'anarchist roots of geography' and 'early critical geographies' and participates in a wider reassessment of plural and contested geographical traditions. All these lines of study resolutely link academic scholarship and grassroots activism. Highlighting the strong historical inspiration of the present wave of studies, especially committed to establishing new links with the anarchist tradition, I discuss the contributions that new authors are giving to current geographical scholarship in terms of radical pedagogies, more-than-human and non-representational approaches, alternative geographical traditions, transnationalism and cosmopolitism, gender studies and 'total liberation'. As this new wave is having a very quick and spectacular development, quite corresponding to the rising of a new generation of scholars, this chapter especially focuses on these new developments and discusses their ruptures and continuities with precedent 'bursts' of anarchism in geography such as the historical experiences of the networks associated with Elisée Reclus and Pyotr Kropotkin, and the rediscovery of these authors which occurred between the 1970s and the 1980s. A renewed interest in the relationship between geography and anarchism has characterised international tendencies in geographical scholarship in the last 10 years or so.
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